Antibody Production and Vaccination (11.1)
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Notes & Review:IMMUNOLOGY NOTES (HL)For Basics See Defense Against infectious diseases (6.3) |
Specific Immune Response
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The specific immune response occurs with 4 processes that occur somewhat together.
How your immune system builds memory- Science Nordic Antibody Structure and Function- Boundless Biology |
Phagocytes/ Macrophages
Macrophages are the first line of defense from your specific immune system. When a body is invaded by a pathogen, these large phagocytes engulf bacteria/ viruses and destroy them using lysosome enzymes. If and/or when the bacteria/ virus begins to overwhelm the system, they present antigens of the virus /bacteria on their surface to activate Helper T-cells.
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Helper T-CelLs
T-cells are “processed” to present only specific receptors. So when a presented antigen by a macrophage contacts with the appropriate T-cell, this cell is activated. Activation causes this T-cell to divide rapidly making more of it with the same presented receptor to the antigen. The helper T-cell then goes and activates the appropriate B-Cell AND Killer T-Cell, to send them back to the site of infection.
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Killer (Cytotoxic) T-Cells
Killer T-cells are activated by helper T-cells at the same time they activate B-Cells. These cells specilaize in destroying cells. They are usually activated with viral infections, to kill infected cells before the virus can reproduce. Unfortunately, they can kill healthy and/ or vital cells in process often. New evidence suggests that Killer T-cells can also be activated to kill bacteria.
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B-Cells
Like T-Cells, they are “processed” to have specific presented receptors. When a Helper T-cell finds the appropriate B-cell it is “activated.” This activation causes the B-cell to begin dividing.
These B-cells then produce millions of antibodies to the specific antigen presented. Antibodies move towards the infection and bind the bacteria or virus to better enable the macrophages and Killer T-cells to attack.
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The Role of Antibodies in Pathogen Destruction
The production of mass amounts of antibodies by B-cells helps to destroy pathogens faster. They generally use 1 of 4 ways:
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memory Cells, Immunity, and Vaccines
The first time you encounter an antigen, the bodies reaction causes the primary immune response.
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Vaccines work to remove the primary immune response of deadly or debilitating diseases, so that when encountered, these diseases either do not cause illness OR cause mild illness and not death. This is often referred to as adaptive immunity.
Vaccines and Immune Response
- This is done by injecting proteins or antigens from a virus or bacteria that causes an immune response similar to the initial reaction in specific immune response.
- Assuming it works properly, the result is adaptive immunity and memory cells left over that will allow a secondary immune response when exposed to the antigen in normal life.
Vaccines and Immune Response
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, patterns, and causes of disease in a population. Epidemologists study the spread of disease and monitor it in order to predict and minimize the harm caused by outbreaks. Think contact tracing during COVID-19 pandemic, etc. They also monitor the effectiveness of a vaccine through epidemiology and search for patient zero.
Epidemiology, what is it?
- Epidemiologists have essential roles in pandemics whether COVID-19 or Ebola etc. They also play vital roles in the creation of public health orders in general.
Epidemiology, what is it?
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The Eradication of SmallPox
Smallpox is a deadly disease that many believe originated in India or Egypt over 3,000 years ago. It is highly contagious, spreading person to person through contact eventually reaching the entire globe throughout the centuries.
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What is needed for eradication?
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Polio is the next virus the World Health Organization is seeking to eradicate. We are close!
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Allergies and the Immune System
Allergies occur when an exaggerated or heightened immune response is mounted against an otherwise harmless substance
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Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmune diseases are caused when the body inappropriately identifies itself as ‘foreign’
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Pregnancy Tests
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Pregnancy tests work by using antibodies to a common pregnancy hormone called hCG (or human chorionic gonadotrophin)
Pregnancy Animation |
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies: highly specific, purified antibodies that are produced by a clone of a single B-plasma cell. They produce antibodies specific to a single antigen/ protein.
How they are created:
Monoclonal Antibodies Animation
How they are created:
- Antigen need for the antibodies is injected into a mouse
- B-cell plasma cells are gathered and combined with myeloma cells (cancer cells) = hybridoma cells
- This allows the cells to continuouslly divide without dying.
- Each hybridoma cell is tested for the specific antigen it responds to
- Once the desired cell is identified, it is allowed to divide (clone) all producing the same antibody
Monoclonal Antibodies Animation
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